Democritus Says (Therefore)

Democritus and some others say that things made of elements have souls, and that these [souls] are the cause of the production of stones; and therefore he says that there is a soul in a stone, just as there is in any other seed for producing anything; and this moves the heat within the interior of the material in the production of a stone, just as the hammer is moved by the workman in the production of an axe or saw

But we have shown elsewhere that this [statement] cannot stand…………………….

 

 

Reference

D. Wyckoff (trans.), Albertus Magnus, Book of Minerals

 

Image

Hendrick ter Brugghen, Democritus

Note ( Mineralizing Power/Generation of Animals)

 

Therefore Empedocles Long after Hermes, declared that stones are produced by burning heat, taking his assertion from the old story told of Pyrrha and Deucalion, in which stones are called the ‘bones of the Great Mother’. For bones according to Empedocles, are chiefly composed of fiery parts.

But this is completely false……………

Image

G. Benedetto, Deucalion & Pyrrha

Reference

D. Wyckoff (trans.), Albertus Magnus, Book of Minerals

 

Species

For the cause of this is the moisture which has evaporated there; and being confined by the surrounding material, it rolled itself up, hardening first on the outside and coiling inwards, and received vital spirit, as we have said in the fourth book of the Meteorology.

A reference to spontaneous generation in purifying material.

Moon-shell points to a relationship between the moon and certain forms of marine animals.

Limited in what I can do, not been able to find a copy online of the Meteorology. Also an extensive work on the generation of animals I cant accesses.

Stuck with the book of minerals managed to expand that today, to include  Liber De Causis Proprietatum Elementorum (On the Causes of the Properties of the Elements).

What I need to get a handle on is the sense of place.

Moreover, we find in stones powers which are not those of any element at all- such as counteracting poison, driving away abscesses, attracting or repelling iron; and, as we shall show later, it is the common opinion of all wise men that this power is the consequence of the specific form of this or that stone.

Moving from stone to biological life can I include, second sight/ counteracting poison, driving away abscesses/ attracting or repelling iron?

Powers that are a consequence of the specific form of the this and the that.

To what degree are these specific powers and specific forms associated with place?

Moon- Shells

And that it is the viscous and unctuous moisture which gives coherence to the material of stone is indicated by the fact that the  animals called shellfish are very commonly produced with their shells in stones. These are extremely common in the stones found [ at Paris], in which there are many small holes shaped like the shells which some people call moon-shells. For the cause of this is the moisture which has evaporated there; and being confined by the surrounding material, it rolled itself up, hardening first on the outside  and coiling inwards, and received vital spirit, as we have said in the fourth book of the Meteorology.

Last section on a passage in which Albertus details how the stones of the earth require a ‘gluing together.’

Stones are formed of earth or water, yet most forms of stone sink demonstrating they are “rich in materials of the earth.”

Its clear however that earth is not the only material as earth does not cohere into solid stone. Subtle mixing of elements and the cause is moisture, which causes the earth to flow into every other part.

“The watery moisture existing within the dryness gives it coherence.

Earth does not become stone it is dry, breaking into little pieces. But within the earth are found viscous and sticky substance that joins with the earthy part like the links in a chain.

Moon-shells, fossil’s found in the Paris Basin, are used by Albertus to demonstrate his thesis on the viscous nature of things.

Of The Madness Of Critics

The Substantial Form of Stones

It seems madness to have any doubts concerning the substantial forms of stones; for sight assures [us] that they are all solidified and their material is fixed according to a definite specific form. For if the arrangement of the elements were only such as occurs in the successive transmutations of one element into another, or into something else- as, for example, in clouds, rain, and snow- then certainly [stones] would not long remain as they are, but after a while would be dissolved into elements; and we see that the nature of stones is just the opposite of this. Moreover, we find in stones powers which are not those of any element at all- such as counteracting poison, driving away abscesses, attracting or repelling iron; and, as we shall show later, it is the common opinion of all wise men that this power is the consequence of the specific form of this or that stone. From this it is firmly established that stones do have specific form.

Reference

D. Wyckoff (trans.), Albertus Magnus, Book of Minerals

 

 

Stones In General

Mixing and hardening, and likewise solidification and liquefaction, and all the other ways in which things are acted upon, have already been discussed in the book on Meteorology. Among natural things the first in which such effects appear are the stones and metals and intermediates between these…… And since these are the first compounds naturally formed from the elements, inasmuch as they come before the combinations that are alive………………

Trading card 1929 depicting 13th century Albert Magus.

I should be reading Albert Magus ‘on places’ but will have to settle for ‘on minerals’ for the moment.

Some rough notes on species in the 13th century, among other things.

See how many of his other texts I can get accesses to online, which will determine where things end up.

Reference

Albert Magus, Book of Minerals